The answer above has explained the difference between vowel and diphthong very well. Unfortunately, the answer can be misleading about the nature of vowel itself. Answer above has described vowel as a single sound which is true, but it is not any single single sound. It is single sound of a particular type - it is an open sound which is made with free passage of breath. For example the sound of "ah...' a doctor asks you to make when examining your throat. In English language sounds of vowels are represented by the letters a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w and y.
sound of vowels is distinguished from that of consonants, which are made by organs of speech more or less closed.
Once we understand what is a vowel, a diphthong can simply be defined is sound produced by pronouncing two vowels as a single syllable.
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