What is the meaning of "Man should build bridges rather than walls"?

Imagine you are trying to get somewhere, to go visit a friend, but along your journey you run into wall after wall that barricades your path.  It would make getting to that friend much more difficult.  Instead imagine that same journey, and at every obstacle, like large rivers, difficult ravines, etc., there was a bridge there for you to cross.  That would make getting to your friend much easier.  If you take that idea and put it into symbolic form, people should be doing all that they can to build bridges to friendships, relationships, happiness, prosperity and freedom.  If someone's goal is to achieve their dream of becoming a writer, for example, a way to build bridges for that person is to encourage them, give them outlets for their writing, and find chances for them to practice.  That would be building bridges.  If instead you were to discourage them, criticize their work too much, and stunt their dreams, then that would be building walls.

This thought, of building bridges, not walls, can be applied to almost any situation.  If you are trying to get straight A's, building a bridge to get there would be to study hard, pay attention, get help when needed, and form bonds with others who can help.  If you were to build walls instead, you might let your fear of talking to the teacher get in the way of asking help, or your shyness get in the way of forming study groups, and your not wanting to study get in the way of doing well.  Those would be walls that you have built that impedes your success.

I hope that those examples help to explain the quote a bit; good luck!

What are some character traits for Juliet and examples?Example: Juliet is loyal because she sticks by her husband even after he kills her cousin...

You might want to focus on concrete details first before you go on to make judgements about Juliet's character. Also, what I suggest you do is focus on how her character changes throughout the play - there is definite evidence that the Juliet we meet at the beginning of the play is very different from the Juliet at the end of the play who is willing to plunge a dagger into her breast for love. Here are some ideas to get you started.

We are told in the play that Juliet is not quite fourteen, which means she stands on the cusp between childhood and adulthood. When we first meet Juliet, she is presented as an immature, obedient child, who obviously has not thought much about marriage, and says to her mother that she will try to love Paris. She is also uncomfortable with the Nurse's repeated references to sex. She also, however, shows her determination and resolute nature in these first scenes. She is able to quiet the nurse with a word in Act I scene iii where her mother is unable to quiet the nurse, and in her response to her mother there is a note of passive resistance.

It is when she meets Romeo that Juliet takes a definite step towards adulthood. Although she is head-over-heels in love with Romeo, she is still able to maintain an objective stance and criticise Romeo for his tendency to romanticise their love and for his rash decisions. After Romeo's banishment, she makes a rational decision to take her union with Romeo as her new focal point and to make all other decisions based on this. It must have taken a lot of courage for her to reject her parents and former social position when everyone was encouraging her to marry Paris and keep her marriage with Romeo a secret, yet in her choices and her daring in taking the potion of Friar Lawrence we see a steely determination and resoluteness that is completed in her decision to end her life because of the intensity of her love for Romeo. In this play therefore we see the development of a young child into an eminently capable, strong and resourceful woman.

How does Sense and Sensibility reflect Austen's world?

Sense and Sensibility accurately reflects Jane Austen's world or society, in that it depicts the need for women to marry for financial security.  Elinor and Mariane, the sisters in Sense and Sensibility, live in the country, the same as Austen's familyy did, and even though they are a learned family, they are part of the professional class, where women had very few options, except to marry up into the landed gentry class.

"In Sense and Sensibility, they socialize with and marry into the landed gentry, the next higher social class. Social assimilation and upward mobility of this sort is a major theme in many of Austen's works."

Austen's emphasis on the need for women to marry for financial security is a common theme in her work, an attitude that dominated the 19th century in which she lived.

Elinor and Marianne both are lucky enough to fall in love, and even though Marianne marries an older man, she is perceived to be in good hands, both financially and emotionally with Colonel Brandon.  He is very much in love with Marianne.  

Elinor, who falls in love with Edward.

"However, he must marry a woman of his mother's approval to come into his fortune. Austen writes, "He was not handsome, and his manners required intimacy to make them pleasing."  

Jane Austen, who fell in love with a young man herself and was not permitted to marry him because of their different social classes, fully understands what both Elinor and Mariane experience.  Elinor is given the ideal, she marries the man she truly loves, while Marianne, spurned by her true love, Mr. Willoughby who ends up marrying a rich socialite in order to please his aunt and secure his inheritance, marries a rich older man, Colonel Brandon.

Jane Austen 's world is present in every word of Sense and Sensibility.   

On what page number can I find this quote in the The Importance of Being Earnest:"Ignorance is like a delicate exotic fruit; touch it and the...

The actual page number will differ depending on the publication; however, this quote usually comes approximately nine pages into Act I of Oscar Wilde's play (and because I am getting my version from an anthology of English Literature, it's on my page 640).  Regardless, this quote comes in the middle of the conversation between Lady Bracknell and Jack ("Ernest") Worthing.  Jack, who calls himself "Ernest" in the city, has just asked Gwendolen to marry him.  Lady Bracknell, who proclaims that Mr. Worthing is not on her very important list of eligible bachelors, is not thrilled at this prospect of marriage. 

Right before the quote you mention, Lady Bracknell becomes glad to hear that Mr. Worthing smokes because "a man should always have an occupation" (Wilde 640).  Going even further, Lady Bracknell is glad to hear that Mr. Worthing is twenty-nine.

Lady Bracknell. A very good age to be married at.  I have always been of opinion that a man who desires to get married should know either everything or nothing.  Which do you know?

Jack (after some hesitation). I know nothing, Lady Bracknell.

Lady Bracknell. I am pleased to hear it.  I do not approve of anything that tampers with natural ignorance.  Ignorance is like a delicate exotic fruit; touch it and the bloom is gone. (640)

Lady Bracknell, then, is the character who says these lines.  Lady Bracknell puts a great stress on this quality of what she calls "natural ignorance."  Here she explains that ignorance is easily taken away because, once one learns anything, ignorance is gone.  Lady Bracknell becomes less and less fond of Jack ("Ernest") Worthing, especially after learning that he has no real relations to speak of.  This is unacceptable for a good, Victorian lady in regards to marriage.

What hints are given in Section 1 that "A Rose for Emily" takes place in the South?

There are other hints, too, in Section I. For example, the mayor, Colonel Sartoris, "fathered the edict that no Negro woman should appear on the streets without an apron (288), and also a reference to the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers. 

Additionally, all of Miss Emily's servants are "Negro," and in the North, servants were less likely to be so.  The prevalence of African-American servants in the South was largely a function of the aftermath of the Civil War and the freeing of slaves, who seldom had the financial wherewithal to leave the areas in which they had been slaves.  Many former slaves stayed with the plantations on which they had been enslaved, continuing to be field workers or house servants. 

Who was "not born of woman" in "Macbeth" and why?

In Act 4, scene 1, Macbeth returns to the witches to consult them about his future. It is at a time when he has become paranoid about his security and wishes to hear their assurances. The witches call up different apparitions and the second apparition informs him:

"Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn
The power of man, for none of woman born
Shall harm Macbeth."

This statement emboldens Macbeth and he says:

"Then live, Macduff: what need I fear of thee?"

It is ironic that Macbeth refers specifically to Macduff here, since he discovers to his utter dismay later, that Macduff was not "of woman born".

When the two confront each other on the battlefield in Act 5, scene 8, Macbeth warns Macduff:

"Let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests;
I bear a charmed life, which must not yield,
To one of woman born."

Macduff replies:

"Despair thy charm;
And let the angel whom thou still hast served
Tell thee, Macduff was from his mother's womb
Untimely ripp'd.

Macduff informs Macbeth that he had not been naturally born, i.e. he did not pass through the birth canal but was prematurely removed (ripped) from his mother's womb - so it could not be said that he was 'born' in the true sense of the word. It was an unusual and unnatural act. It could be that Macduff's mother was incapable of bearing her son by natural means which compelled the surgeons of the time to perform, what we call nowadays, a Caesarean Section.

Macbeth is shocked and dismayed by this information and realizes that he had been fooled by the witches. They had deliberately misled him - an example of the equivocal and paradoxical nature of their predictions. He declares:

"Accursed be that tongue that tells me so,
For it hath cow'd my better part of man!
And be these juggling fiends no more believed,
That palter with us in a double sense;
That keep the word of promise to our ear,
And break it to our hope. I'll not fight with thee."

When Macbeth refuses to fight, Macduff commands him to surrender but Macbeth prefers not to. They fight and Macbeth is killed.

What is the Point of view?

Point of view is the perspective or angle from which a story is told. The narrator may be using a pronoun like "I," indicating a first-person narrator, typically a character in the story, telling about events in which he was probably involved. This point of view has the advantage of being more believable because the character, whether a major, minor, or merely a witness, actually experienced the events.

If the narrator, on the other hand, is not part of the action but merely observes what's going on, he or she may use pronouns like "he,""she," or "they" to refer to characters. This detached perspective may come from a narrator who is not a character at all in the story, merely a voice created by the author to tell the story. This point of view is called third-person.

Two other terms used to describe point of view are omniscient and limited omniscient. An omniscient narrator can tell what all of the characters are saying, doing, and thinking. A limited omniscient narrator, however, can reveal only what other characters are doing and saying, not their thoughts.

In "A Rose for Emily", why does the minister's wife send for Miss Emily's relations?Who is Homer Barron and when does he disappear?

The minister sends for Miss Emily's relations (female cousins) because of her seeminly inappropriate behavior with Homer Baron, a carpet bagger-type from the North.  They are seen riding in carriages without a chaperone which is not considered proper behavior for an unmarried Southern lady like Miss Emily.

Homer Baron is a northerner who is spending time with Miss Emily.  They are seen together in public and the rumors fly that maybe they will get married.  Miss Emily has bought a set of gentleman's toiletry items engraved with Homer's initials, and he disappears shortly after Miss Emily is seen buying poison for pole cats and rats in the local apothecary's shop.  Not long after that, the local men are having to spread lime in Miss Emily's yard because of the horrible smell of death that has gathered around the home.  Unable to investigate because it's not right to tell a Lady that she smells, the men did this under cover of darkness.

Later, after Miss Emily's death and Toby's disappearance, the corpse is discovered with a long, iron-gray hair on the pillow beside it indicating that Emily and Homer had actually "married" in some sense of the word.

Can anyone point me as to what narrative references would help me to prove that Brown can be forgiven for what he became after his trip?I have to...

One of the themes of Hawthorne's narratives on the Puritans is the unforgiving nature of this sect.  His novel "Scarlet Letter" and short story "The Minister's Black Veil" underscore this theme of the Puritanical, sanctimonious condemnation of anyone who "sins."  As such a sanctimonious, self-righteous Puritan--he must be judged in the context of this Puritanism in Hawthorne's story--Goodman Brown, too, allows for no forgiveness. Throughout the story, because of the limitations of his Puritan faith, Brown never understands himself; instead, he perceives others as sinful and faithless. Thus, after his "dream," he becomes

a stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, in not a desperate man...from the night of that fearful dream.  On the Sabbath day, when the congregation were singing a holy psalm, he could not listen because an anthem of sin rushed loudly upon his ears and drowned all the blessed strain.  When the minister spoke from the pulpit with power and fervid eloquence, and with his hand on the open Bible, of the sacred truths of our religion, and of saint-like lives and triumphant death and of future bliss or misery unutterable, then did Goodman Brown turn pale, dreading lest the roof should thunder down upon the gray blasphemer and his hearers.

The question, then, is not whether Goodman Brown can be forgiven, but whether Brown can forgive others that, in his Puritanical self-righteousness, he perceives as condemned.  To use the Puritan/Calvinistic term, these people are the "damned" and Brown a member of the "elect."

Nathaniel Hawthorne's story "Goodman Brown," like his other narratives, examines the unforgiving and stringent nature of Puritanic Calvinism that denies the humanity of man.  This religion adamantly refuses to acknowledge the possibility of redemption.  For this reason, the "desperate" young Goodman Brown in his Puritanism cannot forgive his community and perceives them as "blasphemers" when he, himself, is the man who has lost faith in his despair.

When the narrator meets Usher in "The Fall of the House of Usher," what startles him about his appearance and behavior?character change

First of all, the ominous setting of decay in the surroundings of the Usher mansion itself, unnerves the narrator as he approaches the home of the friend from his youth.  Then, as the narrator enters the mansion in "The Fall of the House of Usher," he notices "the discoloration of ages."  Into a dark and sorrowful room of "irredeemable gloom" the narrator sees his old friend rise and greet him with what the narrator first perceives as "an overdone cordiality," but later realizes is sincere.  However, what the narrator notices most is how changed Roderick Usher is.  In the "exaggeration" of his features, Roderick appears so different as to be unrecognizable.  His hair is now of a mere "weblike softness," and a strange luster is in his eyes of a face of "ghostly pallor."

It is interesting to note Poe descripption of the hair of Roderick:

 "all unheeded...in its wild gossamer texture, it floated rather than fell about the face, I could not, even with effort, connect its arabesque expression with any idea of simple humanity.

Arabesque is the word Poe uses for his technique of weaving and turning his narratives.  So, in a sense, this physical description of Roderick Usher foreshadows the turnings and twistings of Roderick's mind that are soon to follow, as well as the gothic effects to come.

How can Lord of the Flies be seen to trace the defects of society back to the defects of the individual?With reference to the characters of the book.

In Chapter 4 as Roger contemplates hitting the unsuspecting Henry, who sits and plays with the "detritus of landward life, there is the first indication of the evil in men's hearts. It is only the vestiges of society that prevent Roger from striking Henry with a stone, "that token of preposterous time":

Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them.  Yet there was a space round Henry, perhaps six yeards in diameter, into which he dare not throw.  Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life.  Round the squatting child was the protection of parents and  school and policemen and the law.  Roger's arm was conditioned by a civilization that knew nothing of him and was in ruins.

As an allegory, "Lord of the Flies" traces the defects of society as represented by the different boys, back to the defects of the individuals.  Roger is a predator, but he has been conditioned by society.  Piggy represents pure reason, but pure reason cannot survive against the primal urges of man. In the ending chapters, the savagery has emerged in the hunters and Piggy is murdered as his head crashes against the stones, the tokens of "preposterous time." Earlier in the novel when the intuitive Simon wishes to communicate that he knows the "evil that men do," he, too, is eliminated.  Finally, then, it is Jack and the hunters, the savage, primitive men who control the activities of the island.  Ralph, the only rational man is trapped and will be killed.  But in an act much like the deus ex machina of Greek plays, Ralph is saved by society, albeit a marred one, as it is the military officer who appears.

The defects of humanity arrive in the person of this man, for he is less than perfect.  A man of war, he turns and looks at his warship while the boys crowd around him, crying for the loss of their innocence.  Even in civilized society there is war.  As the boys have proven in this allegory, violence thrives.

In "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" what is significant in the new judge's treatment of Pap?

The passage that you are looking for is in chapter five.  Judge Thatcher knows what a bum Pap is; he knows he's a lousy drunk, father and example to Huck.  So, when he petitions the new judge to see if Miss Watson can't adopt Huck for her own, he knows it is for the best because Pap is beyond reform.  However, the new judge "said he'd druther not take a child away from its father" and didn't want to separate families if he could help it.  So, Huck is stuck with Pap.  The new judge decides to attempt to reform Pap, so he brings him to his house one evening, feeds him supper, cleans him up, gives him new clothes, and lectures him about temperance (staying sober) and about being a good example.  Well, Pap appears to be mighty touched by all of this, and swears that he is a changed man.  He, the new judge, and the new judge's wife all cry and hug and get all blubbery; Pap signs a pledge indicating his change of heart.  The new judge is naive enough to put Pap up in the spare room for the night.  And of course, Pap

"got powerful thirsty and...traded his new coat for a jug of forty-rod...and rolled off the porch and broke his left arm...and was most froze to death when somebody found him after sun-up."

So, the "reform" lasted all of 30 minutes or so, before Pap was up to his old ways.  After that incident, the new judge

"said he reckoned a body could reform the old man with a shotgun, maybe, but he didn't know no other way."

What is ironic about this entire incident is that the very man who blocked Huck's adoption by a nice old lady so that he could stay with Pap, ends up admitting that Pap was worthless.  I hope that those thoughts help a bit; good luck!

What is the importance of dialogue to the character development in Pride and Prejudice, with three examples?

One of Jane Austen's most brilliant stylistic techniques is her skill in developing character through dialogue. As an example of this in Pride and Prejudice, recall Elizabeth's first conversation with Charlotte Lucas about marriage. In this dialogue, Austen develops Chalotte's character by providing the intellectual rationale and the motives for her later acceptance of Mr. Collins' marriage proposal and for the foundation of what Elizabeth considers her inexplicable happiness and contentment in her married life. In the same dialogue, Elizabeth's character is more deeply developed so that her inability to see a perspective that opposes her own is revealed, which is a critical aspect of Lizzie's character as it helps fuel the escalating conflict between Lizzie and Mr. Darcy.

Another instance of how Austen adroitly uses dialogue to develop character is that which initially introduces Elizabeth to Mr. Darcy in which he is addressing a member of his own party and during which Elizabeth is inadvertently eavesdropping. Mr. Darcy's pride and sefl-sufficient character is developed by his statements about dancing at Meryton ball in general and about dancing with Elizabeth in particular, while Lizzie's ironical (and perhaps slightly narrow-minded) character is developed through her narrated responses to the dialogue she has overheard.

In the inimitable conversations between Lady de Bourgh and Elizabeth, Lady de Bourgh's character is developed as she pronounces regulation upon every facet of life that falls under her purview, which is important because, even though she is only a minor character, her dialogic contributions indirectly further Darcy's character development and do much to escalate the conflict between Elizabeth and Darcy. Elizabeth's charcter development is also furthered by her conversations with Lady de Bourgh as the dialogues (1) cause her dislike of Darcy to become more pridefully and prejudicially entrenched in reaction to her disdain for Lady de Bourgh and, later, (2) cause her to hope that it might not be too late to gain Darcy's love after all--after Elizabeth has had her character awakening revelations and character changes.

In the book "Monster", did Steve change and if so, what was it and was it good or a bad change?

The primary change in Monster is how Steve views himself.  Again, we really do not know if he is innocent or guilty.  Perhaps, it is the author's strength in description that leaves us in the middle of trying to determine for ourselves what happened the night in question.  However, we do know that Steve has changed.  His change has resulted from the trial and the emotions trapped within it.  He has to balance what he knows he did in his own mind, with how the prosecution has depicted him to the jury, how his own lawyer depicts him, and how she views him on a personal level, and how his family, especially his father, will perceive him.  The most important change Steve undergoes in all of this is that his perception of self is a combination of all of these view points.  In the modern setting, there is no "one aspect of universal truth."  Rather, truth is a collection of figments and fragments, in the hopes of understanding some aspect of a whole. The author knows this and plays this to an enhanced degree when Steve has to understand his own sense of self.  The style of the novel contributes to this, as it is in script and journal entry form.  There is no "complete" and "universal" truth in narration.  Just like us, Steve's change is that he is now seeing himself in multiple and different lights, some that show him not to be a monster and some that do.  His change is the confused and diverse understanding of self he now possesses.

In the book Invisible Man, why do students and teachers at the college hate and fear Trueblood and the other black belt inhabitants?

The students and professors at the black college dislike Trueblood because he is a threat to them. Since its founding, the college has supposedly been an opportunity for black people to break out of the societal binds that hold them down. Whether this potential freedom is real or not is debatable, since the professors and students alike seem extremely beholden to the white benefactors.

What Trueblood represents is a legitimacy to the negative stereotypes that the people at the college are trying to break and overcome. He justifies the white man's oppression. If the founders or learn his story, they can use him to validate their superiority, even though he is not typical. His "accidental" sexual encounter with his daughter and the fact that both his wife and daughter are pregnant by him makes him both the pariah of the black college community and the prophet of the racist white community. The black leaders try to rid themselves of him send him away, but the white leaders treat him better after he impregnates his daughter and give him clothes and more money than he had ever had.

One of the major themes of Invisible Man is IDENTITY. Even his name is symbolic. True blood implies that he is the embodiment, at least in the eyes of the whites, of what people of African-American blood really are. Trueblood establishes an identity for the college that they do not want. He identifies blacks as people of low morals who lack self-control. The college is attempting to create an opposite identity for African Americans. The existence of Trueblood and people like his is an extreme threat to that hoped-for identity and acceptance.

How does the narrator feel about being back at Devon? Why do you suppose he has returned there?

Gene has a great deal of ambivalence about his return to Devon.  He has a certain amount of nostalgia for the school of his boyhood, a place where he clearly had times of great joy.  But there is an atmosphere of darkness in the beginning section. It is raining, cold, and gloomy.  That is the dominant feeling for Gene on his return. 

Why does he return?  Gene's time at the school was a time of great turmoil, the war to which these young men were going, and a time of great tragedy, the death of Finney.  Gene was responsible for Finney's death, he being the person who caused Finney to fall from the tree.  The war and Finney's death have haunted Gene, and he is returning to confront his demons and perhaps to atone.  You will notice that the specific places he wishes to see are the tree from which Finney fell, and the steps that Finney fell on.  In combination, these are the scenes that led to Finney's death. 

You might want to ask whether Gene is a better person than he had been while he was a student at Devon.  Does he see the past more clearly or does he take more responsibility for his past actions?  Is he still making excuses for himself?  Does he forgive himself for what he did?  Or is Gene more blameless than we think because Finney was a risk-taking kind of character who would have died no matter what Gene did or did not do?  As this return to Devon is meant to show how we grow (or not), this is an opportunity for you to consider as you go back in time with Gene in the story whether his journey back was a productive one. 

What does the poem "A Poison Tree" talk about?

This is a very interesting poem that has a thought-provoking moral at the end of it.  Basically, the speaker of the poem describes two scenarios:  the first is where he was upset with someone, told that person about it, and then the incident was over and done with:  "I was angry with my friend:/I told my wrath, my wrath did end."  So, the point here is that when you are upset with someone, it is good to talk about it, to end the matter and move on.  The second scenario he describes is when he was angry with someone and kept his wrath within him instead of speaking about it; as a result, it "did grow". He thought about his anger more and more, and he nurtured it.  He "waterd it in fears," dwelling on his anger and fears, and tried to hid it as he "sunned it with smiles."  The wrath becomes so large and noticable that Blake uses a metaphor of an apple growing from a tree to describe how it feels to him; it is an apple poisoned with his wrath.  This is symbolic of how our anger can only yield bitter and poisonous results (or fruit) that are no good to anyone.  Along these lines,  at the end he states that

"In the morning glad I see;/My foe outstretched beneath the tree,"

which seems to indicate that the foe has partaken of this poisoned apple, and has died.  If your wrath and anger for someone is nurtured within you for so long, it eventually turns to poison, and that poison often does great damage to the person you are angry with.  It's kind-of like bottling up rage and having it explode, with disasterous and regretful results, instead of just dealing with your anger right away.  Blake uses a poisoned apple as a metaphor for that toxic anger that the reader grew by dwelling on it, and his foe, outstretched on the ground, is a symbol for the speaker having released his anger finally, and how it completely destroyed the other person.  I doubt Blake is referring to actual murder, but think of the consequences of blowing up at someone; it ruins friendships, self-esteem, families, marriages, and often has lasting impacts.  Blake's moral is that when we are angry, we should, as he did in line 2, talk about it and get it out there, so that it can "end" in a better way.

I hope that explanation helps a bit; good luck!

What are two examples of hyperbole in Macbeth, and why did Shakespeare choose to use them?

Shakespeare uses hyperbole to show the deep guilt Macbeth and Lady Macbeth both feel for their horrible acts. The first example is found in Act II immediately after Macbeth has killed King Duncan. Studying Duncan's blood on his hands, Macbeth says these lines with deep emotion:

Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood

Clean from my hand? No; this my hand will rather

The multitudinous seas incarnadine,

Making the green one red.

Macbeth is saying that there is enough blood on his hand to turn the ocean itself red. This hyperbole (exaggeration) shows show much guilt and horror he feels after killing Duncan.

In Act V, Lady Macbeth walks in her sleep and goes through the motions of washing Duncan's blood from her hands. She cries out:

Here's the smell of the blood still. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Oh, oh, oh!

She means that the smell of the blood on her hands is so strong that it cannot be washed away and all the sweet perfume in Arabia would not be strong enough to cover it up. This exaggeration shows that, like her husband, Lady Macbeth is deeply guilty and horrified by her role in Duncan's murder. She also feels guilt for the murders of Banquo and Macduff's family and servants, all of which happened after Duncan's murder.

What is AIDA approach of selling?

'AIDA' is an approach to successful selling involving four sequential steps. These steps of selling are represented by four key words attention, interest, desire and action, and the term AIDA is and acronym formed out of these. Full title of these four steps of selling are:

1. Attention: Attract Attention


2. Interest: Create Interest


3. Desire: Kindle Desire


4. Action:Take Action

The first task that a salesperson must accomplish during a sales interview is to attract the attention of the prospect. Unless this happens the prospect will not continue the interview, or will not listen to what the salesperson is saying.

Once the the prospect is paying attention, the sales interview can move to the next stage. In this stage the sales person must ensure that the prospect is sufficiently interested in the product being offered for sale. The customer need not want to buy the product at this stage, but the customers should at least feel that the product is worth considering for purchase. When the customer is in this state of mind, the sales person can move to the next stage.

In the third stage, sales person must convince that the product is worth buying for the customer and kindle a desire for purchasing the product immediately. This is a critical stage. Many customer agree to the value of a product in general, but may not be ready to purchase it immediately. It is important for the sales person to kindle this desire for purchase, and when this has been done successfully move quickly to the next stage.

The final step in the sales interview is to take action for completing the sales. This action for making the prospect take the final purchase action is popularly called closing the sales. The sales person must be careful to determine when the objective of step three - kindling desire - has been achieved and immediately close the sales. This results in either salesperson directly handing over the product to customer, or customer signing an order form, or any other action which confirms the sale.

"Can, or cannot, Young Goodman Brown be forgiven for living the rest of his life as he did and why?"

The concept of forgiveness depends on who is giving the forgiveness.  Are you asking if Brown can be or should be forgiven by God, or are you asking can he be forgiven by the people he lived with in his day to day life?

God will forgive Young Goodman Brown for the sin of anger, abandonment, and any sin for which Brown asks forgiveness. However, Brown turns his back on God.  Without our faith in God and our plea to Him for forgiveness there is none.

"Often, awakening suddenly at midnight, he shrank from the bosom of Faith, and at morning or eventide, when the family knelt down at prayer, he scowled, and muttered to himself, and gazed at his wife, and turned away." 

The people in his life may not be forgiving.  The reader must remember that this character is disillusioned.  He has gone into the woods, lured by the devil, and sees everyone he respected and loved there worshiping evil.  Goodman Brown was horrified to see that the people he beleived to be pure and holy were marked with the blackness of sin.  He couldn't overcome this disillusionment.  Even the woman he loved, Faith, was not pure and holy as he first believed.  How could he find his way back to the love and respect he once held for these people? 

The higher the pedestal that we put people up on top of, the farther they will fall in our eyes when they disappoint us; and they will eventually disappoint us.  We are all human, and

"Brown's illusions about the goodness of his society are crushed when he discovers that many of his fellow townspeople, including religious leaders and his wife, are attending a Black Mass. At the end of the story, it is not clear whether Brown's experience was nightmare or reality, but the results are nonetheless the same. Brown is unable to forgive the possibility of evil in his loved ones and as a result spends the rest of his life in desperate loneliness and gloom."

What is the theme of the poem "The Listeners"?please assign quotation also

"For he suddenly smote on the door, even    Louder, and lifted his head:— ‘Tell them I came, and no one answered, That I kept my word,’ he said. Never the least stir made the listeners,    Though every word he spake Fell echoing through the shadowiness of the still house"  (de la Mare)

The above passage from the poem suggests that the theme of the poem is loss.  The traveler has returned to a house that is familiar to him, only to find that the inhabitants are gone.  He has returned to this house becuase of a promise that he made to the inyabitants of the house. There is also a suggestion in the poem that there are people in the house who are listening to his pounding on the door but refuse to answer it, but it could be because there is no one left inside to answer the door. The traveler might be the last surviving member of the family who once lived in the house.

"Evidently to keep some promise, perhaps to those who are no longer alive, since he is “the one man left awake” (line 32). Something, though, has caused him to come to this lonely and isolated place in the middle of the night and compelled him to cry out repeatedly to a deserted house, without entering to see for himself who or what might be there."

"Never the least stir made the listeners,  Though every word he spake Fell echoing through the shadowiness of the still house From the one man left awake:" (de la Mare)

In Chapter 21, Amir finally sees Sohrab and realizes something about the Taliban official. What is it?

Amir goes to rescue Sohrab and meets the Taliban official in chapters 21-22 of "The Kite Runner."  It is at this time that Amir realizes that the Taliban official is the same bully from his childhood who beat up and raped Hassan. The official "removes his glasses, and Amir realizes the official is actually Assef. Assef says he can have Sohrab, but first he has to earn him." 

Amir has come full circle and now will face the fear and demons he has run from his entire life.  He will face Assef.

I do not understand what happens in Villette after Miss Marchmont's death, when Lucy Snowe is subject to an Aurora Borealis.

In the novel Villette, Bronte often uses the parallel of unusual or disturbed weather to symbolize a coming momentous change for her characters.  By the same token she employs the use of calm or happy weather to reflect the emotions of a happy scene.  In Chapter V "Turning a New Leaf" Lucy Snowe, having recently left her brief employment with the newly dead Miss Marchmont, is walking to "consult an old servant of our family; once my nurse, now housekeeper at a grand mansion not far fom Miss Marchont's" (47).  Lucy Snowe is alone in the world, and has lost her sole possible resource (Miss Marchmont or a legacy from Miss Marchmont), and is quite frightened to be thus completely thrust upon the world.  Her heart is in such an extreme state of upheaval that the appearance of the Northern Lights (aurora borealis) lead Lucy to think these somewhat fanciful, if understandable, thoughts:

Not feebly, I am sure, or I should have trembled in that lonely walk, which lay through still fields, and passed neither village nor farm-house, nor cottage; I should have quailed in the absence of moonlight, for it was by the leading of stars only I traced the dim path; I should have quailed still more in the unwonted presence of that which to-night shone in the north, a moving mystery -- the Aurora Boreaslis.  But this solemn stranger influenced me otherwise than through my fears.  Some new power it seemed to bring.  I drew in energy wih the keen, low breeze that blew on its path.  A bold thought was sent to my mind; my mind was made strong to receive it. 
     "Leave this wilderness" it was said to me, "and go out hence."
     "Where?" was the query.  (Ibid)

Specifically, what Lucy feels is happening is that the very energy of the Northern Lights is transferred into her, giving her strength and resolve to strike out on her own.  Northern Lights appear as moving sheets of colored light in the northern sky, and are caused by solar energy.  It is not unusual that a young woman, completely alone and friendless, might take this as a sign of courage and resolve sent to her by some higher power.  Lucy doesn't refer to God specifically in this passage, but she seems to believe in the power of her natural surroundings to influence her mood and actions.  Lucy had just lost Miss Marchmont on a horribly stormy night (in Chapter IV), so it seems likely that Lucy sees a connection between weather events and human feelings and decisions.   It is at this moment that Lucy makes the decision which will lead her to travel away from England to the town of Villette in Labassecour (Bronte's code word for Belgium.)

Source: Bronte, Charlotte.  Villette.  New York: The Modern Library, 2001.

What are the moods for the chapters? What might be good songs that would go along with the moods?

Chapters 21 and 22 of of Book the Second of "A Tale of Two Cities" would be suited for Beethoven's Fifth Symphony as the tone of foreboding and the enactment of evil retribution is carried through both.  The repeated motif in Beethoven's piece can signify the title "Echoing Footsteps" of 21 as well as "The Sea Still Rises" of 22 as the music crescendoes.   

In Chapter 21  Lucie has a premonition of her "own early grave."  The footsteps that Lucie hears extend to the bloody town of Saint-Antoine where Madame LaFarge, "the revolutionary impulse incarnate"  The citizens storm the Bastille, slaughter its governor, rescue seven prisoners, and impale the heads of seven guards on pikes.  Monsieur DeFarge searches thoroughly the cell of Dr. Manette for an unknown reason.  The chapter ends,

For they are headlong, mad, and dangerous; and in the years to long after the breaking of the cask at Defarge's wine-shop door, they are not easily purified when once stained red.

In Chapter 22, "The Sea Still Rises," the men are "terrible, in the bloody-minded anger with which they looked from windows...and came pouring down into the streets; but, the women were a sight to chill the boldest as the aristocrat Foulon who told the poor to just "eat grass" is taken prisoner. As the crowd in their fury try to rend Foulon to pieces, he is finally hauled to a streetcorner where he is hanged on a street lamp with grass shoved into his mouth.  A drum that has rolled is now silent. Here a song witih drum rolls may serve to express the mood of Chapter 23 after the Fifth Symphony finishes.

The rhetorical chapter on the decadence of the French aristocracy, Chapter 7 of Book the Second is entitled "Monseigneur in Town."  In this chapter the tone is that of parody:

Monseigneur was about to take his chocolate.  Monseigneur could swallow a great many things with ease, and was by some few sullen minds supposed to be rather rapidly swallowing France; but, his morning's choclate could not so much as get into the throat of Monseigneur, without the aid of four strong men besides the Cook.  The mockery of the aristocrat who cannot swallow his morning chocolate without the aid of a number of servants can be parodied with the impressionistic music of Debussy.  "Afternoon of the Faun" may achieve this mockery with its mellifluous melodies.

In Arthur Miller's The Crucible, what are the consequences for individuals who choose to belong or not belong?For EACH scene you must A) Block the...

For the blocking, this is something that you will need to complete on your own; but here is some help with the rest of A and B:

Act 3 presents excellent examples of what happens to those who choose not to belong or go along with the court.

First Scene: In Act 3, Mary Warren goes before the court to expose the girls' accusation as farce.  As she tries to present the truth to the judges, the girls turn against her, accuse her of sending her spirit upon them in the form of a bird, and scare her into lying again.  Mary Warren's consequence is that she is falsely accused just as she and the girls have done earlier in the play, and even when she returns to the accusers' side, she must live with the fact that she sent an innocent man and others to their deaths.

Second Scene: John Proctor's confession of lechery to the court is his last opportunity to expose Abigail as a liar.  When he does so, the whole court turns against him.  He costs his wife her reputation for honesty; he is marked as the devil's man, thrown in prison, and most importantly, seems to lose all faith in God.  In the end, his decision to go against the crowd, costs him his life.

Third Scene (from Act 4): Giles Corey, whom many do not take seriously, refuses to give the name of his informant to the court.  He is found in contempt of court and tortured (through pressing) because he will not cave to the pressure of the judges.  His consequence--his life.

If you're looking for a character who goes along with the crowd and still has to pay the consequences, Rev. Parris is a good example.  You might use Act 4, the opening scene, as your example.  At this point, Rev. Parris is going throughout the jail trying to get people to save themselves by confessing to witchcraft.  Up to this point in the play, Parris has stood firmly with the court (because it suits his own selfish goals).  Still, his niece Abigail absconds with his most precious possession--his money.  Parris, even though, he has been striving throughout the play to belong, loses his money, his reputation, and eventually his position.

What is the incident that happend with Maurice, Sunny, and Holden in Catcher in the Rye?

Maurice works the elevator at the hotel where Holden is staying.  He is also a pimp, and after talking to Holden briefly, he sends a prostitute, Sunny, to his room.

Holden returns after hanging out at Ernie's bar in a depressed state of mind.  He walks "forty-one gorgeous blocks" back to his hotel, and as he is riding up in the elevator, the "elevator guy" asks him out of the blue if he is interested in "having a good time".  At first, Holden does not know what the guy, Maurice, is talking about, and he is a little taken aback when he realizes that he is being offered a prostitute, for "five bucks a throw".  Even though it is "against (his) principles", Holden consents.  He is so depressed, he doesn't even really think about what he is doing.

Holden is very nervous while waiting for the prostitute in his room.  He changes his shirt and brushes his teeth, ruminating about his limited sexual experiences to this point in his life.  Holden reveals that he is a virgin, and for a moment considers that "this (is) his big chance, in a way".  Really, though, he is apprehensive, and just "want(s) to get it over with".

A very young girl, Sunny, shows up at his door; she is in a hurry, and very nervous and crude.  Holden suddenly feels even more depressed, and suggests that they just talk for awhile, but Sunny does not take his suggestion kindly and brazenly pulls her dress off and lays it on the bed.  Increasingly uncomfortable, Holden tells her he does not want to have sex with her, citing a recent fictitious operation as an excuse.  He offers her five dollars for her time, but she demands ten; surprisingly, Holden holds his ground and does not give her any more than he had previously agreed upon.  Sunny leaves with a rude rejoinder; Holden says "so long", but does not thank her.  He is glad he didn't (Chapter 13).

What are ten main events that happened in The Magician's Nephew by C.S. Lewis?What website would I use to find a timeline for the book? I really...

I am not aware of a website that provides a timeline for the book; it would probably be easiest to compile one yourself.  Ten main events in the narrative might include:

1.  Polly is transported by Uncle Andrew's magic rings into another world; Digory is sent after her into the unknown by Uncle Andrew to bring her back.

2.  Digory meets Polly in the World Between Worlds.  When they try to get back home, they instead end up in a land of darkness and ruin.

3.  Digory and Polly find a roomful of frozen, magnificently dressed people, obviously enchanted.  In the middle of the room there is a bell with a sign saying "Strike the bell and abide the danger, or wonder till it drives you mad".

4.  Overwhelmed by curiosity, Digory strikes the bell.  A tall, beautiful woman comes to life - it is the witch Jadis, who wants to rule the world.

5.  Digory and Polly try to get back home, but to their horror, find they have brought Jadis with them.

6.  Digory and Polly try to take Jadis back where she came from, but discover they have transported not only themselves and the witch, but also Uncle Andrew, a cabbie, and his horse to a wonderful new land.

7.  A great lion, Aslan, appears, and Digory, Polly, and the others witness the creation of the land of Narnia.  By bringing the witch to Narnia, Digory has inadvertently introduced evil into the brand new world.

8.  At Aslan's instruction, Digory goes on a quest to rectify his sin.  Riding the cabbie's horse, which can now fly, he journeys to find a magic apple.

9.  When Digory returns with the apple, Aslan plants it, and a tree which will be the protection of Narnia springs to life.

10.  Aslan tells Digory to pick an apple from the new tree.  Digory and Polly return home, and the apple makes Digory's mother, who has been very ill, well again.

I need ideas for the second scene with Viola and The Captain in "Twelfth Night".

The 2nd scene of the 1st act introduces Viola in the company of a Captain & Sailors, on the sea-coast of Illyria. Although Viola, a young woman of noble birth, has been rescued after a shipwreck, she is apprehensive of the death of her twin brother, Sebastian, in the disaster. The Captain, however, consoles Viola that her brother, clinging to a floating mast like 'Arion on the dolphin's back', had an outside chance to save himself. Viola also learns from the Captain that the ruler of Illyria is 'a noble duke', Orsino. She remembers his name which she heard from her dead father. Viola's remark that duke Orsino 'was a bachelor then' suggests her early interest in the 'noble duke'. Viola now looks for some shelter & an employment in the unfamiliar land. Since Countess Olivia continues to be in a mourning state because of her brother's death and 'hath abjur'd the company/And sight of men', Viola conceives the plan assuming the disguise of a page-boy to enter Orsino's service. She asks the Captain to lead her to the court of duke Orsino.

The scene, a part of the play's exposition, gives forth the following issues to remember:

1) Viola, the fascinating young heroine, is introduced;

2) Viola has a twin brother in Sebastian, and whether Sebastian is dead or still alive is not confirmed.

3) Viola betrays a feeling for the 'noble duke' of Illyria. This feeling is soon going to mature into a strong love which shall be an important element of the main plot of the play;

4) Viola's plan to wear a male disguise and seek employment in Orsino's court leads to the central motif in the play;

5) Viola, in male attire, shall be a look-alike of Sebastian, and if Sebastian is alive and if he appears in Illyria, a comedy of errors due to mistaken identity is on the cards;

6) Duke Orsino courts Countess Olivia, though Olivia does not entertain Orsino's suit.

In "The Catcher in the Rye", how is Holden being a hypocrite?what are some stuff he says that make him one

Holden accuses everyone of being a phony, particularly adults, who he finds impossible to understand, which makes him even more terrified to become one.  As Holden attempts to hold onto his childhood, struggling to deal with depression, grief and his continual failures in school after school, he is able to see everyone else's flaws, but not his own.

Holden critizies his parents for their phony lifestyle, the same lifestyle that provides for him to go to one fancy school after another.  He has no respect for the financial support that he receives from his parents and particularly for his grandmother, who he says sends him birthday money four times a year.  He thinks that she is senile of something, instead of recognizing that she is being kind to him, wanting to help him by sending him money.

At the same time he is criticizing adults for making money and being phony and false in their lives in order to earn a living, he puts the money his grandmother send him into his pocket.  If it were not for that money, he would not have been able to leave Pencey Prep on his own. 

Holden looks at his roommate, Stradlater and finds fault with his messy toiletries, Holden says that Stradlater is a secret slob, going out looking all spiffy, while not taking care of his stuff in the dorm room.    Holden is simply envious of Stradlater for his popularity, especially when he dates Jane Gallagher, a girl Holden holds on a pedestal as if she were some marble statue instead of a real girl.  Although he says that he cares for her, he never calls her and then get mad when Stradlater goes out with her.

He can't have it both ways, he either likes Jane enough to call her or he doesn't and then he has no say in who she goes out with.  Holden also complains about Ackley, saying that he is pathetic, yet Ackley has found a way to be successful academically, something that has alluded Holden. 

Even though Ackley may not be super popular, he is still maintaining his average and expected to graduate from Pencey Prep.  Holden has failed out. 

Holden goes to NYC and immediately feels both exhilarated and terrfied at being alone without parental supervision.  He longs to go home, but suppresses this desire until he can't take it anymore and sneaks into his apartment to see his little sister.

Holden spends a great deal of time judging others while ignoring his own problems.  He does not take responsibility for his faults and fails to own up when he is wrong.  He is misguided and prone to excuse making, yet wants to be given the benefit of the doubt.  He is a magnet for trouble, especially with regard to the incident with Maurice.  Holden brings trouble onto himself and then wants the reader to feel sorry for him.

He won't admit that he is unable to deal with the loss of his brother, he belongs in the mental institution, he is in need of psychological help.

What is the meaning of the poem, "The Road Not Taken"?

The central idea in the poem is that life is full of decisions that you can't undo, so choose wisely. The roads we choose to take are equally as important as the roads we overlook. Mixed criticism exists about the poem, debating whether Frost is saying that taking the less traveled path was wise or foolish. Some read the poem with a negative connotation, specifically when he states "with a sigh," and take it to mean that he regrets his decision to travel the road not taken. Others read it as a sigh of contentment, signifying the speaker's satisfaction with his choice. Regardless of how you choose to interpret it, the message remains the same- you can't go back and change the choices you make, so choose wisely.

Discuss the use of quotations from literature in Fahrenheit 451. Which works are quoted and to what effect?Pay specific attention to "Dover Beach",...

Obviously, quotes play a major part of this novel, a world where books are banned and therefore illicit material. What is interesting is who uses these quotes and why. It is important to analyse the characters of Beatty and Faber in particular as they use quotes to try to manipulate/bully Montag but also the quotes reveal their character, which is very interesting in the case of Beatty, as his obsessive quote-using reveals his own deep-seated ambivalence about books and the world he is in.

The first quote we are introduced to comes from Latimer and is said by the first victim of the book burning, who willingly burns herself alive "with contempt to them all":

"We shall this day light such a candle, by God's grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out."

The quote is used to ironically emphasise the "heresy" that this woman is committing by hoarding books whilst at the same time stating her own protest against this society - the fact that she is willing to die with her books rather than live life without them, pardon the pun, speaks volumes.

"Dover Beach" is used in a fascinating way to expose the emptiness of this dystopian world and also reflect on the changes that have happened in this society:

"....for the world, which seems

To lie before us like a land of dreams,

So various, so beautiful, so new,

Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light,

Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain..."

It is highly significant that Montag reads this poem to Mildred and her two friends, interrupting their watching of the "family" on the screens. This poem in this context therefore cuts right through the superficial nature of their lives and their dependence on simulated relationships, exposing their inner emptiness, which is why Mrs. Phelps begins to cry immediately after the end of this poem.

That should help you analyse the quotes from the Bible and Shakespeare.

How is Cassius characterized in Act I of Julius Caesar?

One famous line from "Julius Caesar" is Caesar's remarks about Cassius when he sees him, remarks that prove prophetic:

Let me have men about me that are fat,/Sleek-headed men, and such as sleep a-nights./Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look;/He things too much: such men are dangerous...Such men as he be never at heart's ease/Whiles they behold a greater than themselves,/And therefore are they very dangerous .(I,ii,192-210)

Indeed, Cassius does envy the power of Caesar.  For, he speaks of Caesar in this manner:

Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world/Like a Colossus, and we petty men/Walk under his huge legs and peep about/To find ourselves dishonorable graves./Men at some time are masters of their fates:/The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars,/But in ourselves, that we are underlings. (I,ii,135-141)

Very manipulative, Cassius flatters Brutus that he is noble and should not be under such an aged man.  Then he suggests the tyranny of Caesar, an idea which sways Brutus into joining the conspirators:

And it is very much lamented, Brutus,/That you have no such mirrors as will turn/Your hidden worthiness into your eye,/That you might see your shadow.  I have heart/Where many of the best respect in Rome/(Except immortal Caesar), speaking of Brutus,/And groaning underneath this age's yoke,/Have wished that noble Brutus had his eyes. (I,ii,55-65)

When Brutus asks Cassius why he holds him up, and if his point is toward the "general good," 

as I love/The name of honor more than I fear death" (I,ii,88-89)

 Cassius then skewers the truth:

I know that virute to be in you, Brutus,/As well as I do know your outward favor./Well, honor is the subject of my story. (I,ii,93-95)

Act I, scene 2 is, in fact, referred to as "the seduction scene." And, as the play continues, Cassius continues to defer to decisions by Brutus, which help bring about the demise of a noble man.

What is the meaning of the last two lines of the poem "A Poison Tree" by William Blake?

There are several possible interpretations for those last two lines.  One possible option is that the speaker's wrath killed the other man.  To clarify, as the speaker of the poem kept his wrath within him instead of speaking about it, it grew and grew. It became more and more of a burden, no matter what he did, whether it be that he "waterd it in fears," or "sunned it with smiles."  The wrath becomes so large and noticable that Blake uses a metaphor of an apple growing from a tree to describe how it feels to him.  Then, at the end, he states that "In the morning glad I see;/My foe outstretched beneath the tree," which seems to indicate that the foe has partaken of this poisoned apple, and has died.  That is one interpretation.  If your wrath and anger for someone is nurtured within you for so long, it eventually turns to poison, and that poison often does great damage to the person you are angry with.  It's kind-of like bottling up rage and having it explode, with disasterous and regretful results, instead of just dealing with your anger right away.  Blake uses a poisoned apple as a metaphor for that toxic anger that the reader grew by dwelling on it, and his foe, outstretched on the ground, is a symbol for the speaker having released his anger finally, and how it completely destroyed the other person.  I doubt Blake is referring to actual murder, but think of the consequences of blowing up at someone; it ruins friendships, self-esteem, families, marriages, and often has lasting impacts.  Blake's moral is that when we are angry, we should, as he did in line 2, talk about it and get it out there, so that it can "end" in a better way.

I included ther possible interpretations to the last two lines in the link below, take a look at those too and see if they help.  Good luck!

What are three epic similes from part III of The Odyssey?

From Robert Fagles' translation of The Odyssey, in Book 16, lines 19-23, Eumaeus' reunion with Telemachus is compared to a father's welcoming home his son after a ten-year absence abroad: "As a father, brimming with love, welcomes home/ his darling only son in a warm embrace--/what pain he's borne for him and him alone!--/home now, in the tenth year from far abroad, so the loyal swineherd hugged the beaming prince...."

In Book 22, lines 316-24, Odysseus and his men are described as they attack the panicked suitors: "The attackers struck like eagles, crook-clawed, hook-beaked,/swooping down from a mountain ridge to harry smaller birds/that skim across the flatland cringing under the clouds/but the eagles plunge in fury, rip their lives out--hopeless,/never a chance of flight or rescue--and people love the sport--/so the attackers routed suitors headlong down the hall,/wheeling into the slaughter, slashing left and right/and grisly screams broke from skulls cracked open--/the whole floor awash with blood."

Also in Book 22, lines 408-414, the dead suitors are described: "But he [Odysseus] found them one and all in blood and dust.../great hauls of them down and out like fish that fishermen/drag from the churning gray surf in looped and coiling nets/and fling ashore on a sweeping hook of beach--some noble catch--/heaped on the sand, twitching, lusting for fresh salt sea/But the Sungod hammers down and burns their lives out.../so the suitors lay in heaps, corpse covering corpse."

Discuss the irony of Chiu becoming the saboteur using textual examples.

Ha Jin's Saboteur is filled with irony upon irony. The title of the work comes from the French word sabot, meaning "shoe." The protagonist, Mr. Chui, walks from restaurant to restaurant (in his shoes) spreading his illness.

Other ironies are the following:

• His honeymoon ends in jail. The police are the guilty perpetrators.


• Mr. Chui has to pretend to be guilty to be set free.  He signs the confession though he committed no crime.


• Mr. Chui's lawyer, who tries to help Mr. Chui, ends up in jail and tortured.


• Then, Mr. Chui secretly becomes a saboteur in the end.

The ironies work because they do not seem contrived. Irony is used throughout much political fiction especially in authoritarian regimes. Ha Jin demonstrates the disparity between the authoritative governing body and the brutal reality that exists. Irony does not always have to be humorous as in de Maupassant's works, but it can be a tragic necessity.

Romeo and Juliet Act 3 Scene 5 How does Julliet react to the Nurse's advice? Why is she devastated?

The answers to your questions can be found in the following passage from Act 3 Scene 5

Nurse

    Faith, here it is.
    Romeo is banish'd; and all the world to nothing,
    That he dares ne'er come back to challenge you;
    Or, if he do, it needs must be by stealth.
    Then, since the case so stands as now it doth,
    I think it best you married with the county.
    O, he's a lovely gentleman!
    Romeo's a dishclout to him: an eagle, madam,
    Hath not so green, so quick, so fair an eye
    As Paris hath. Beshrew my very heart,
    I think you are happy in this second match,
    For it excels your first: or if it did not,
    Your first is dead; or 'twere as good he were,
    As living here and you no use of him.

JULIET

    Speakest thou from thy heart?

Nurse

    And from my soul too;
    Or else beshrew them both.

JULIET

    Amen!

Nurse

    What?

JULIET

    Well, thou hast comforted me marvellous much.
    Go in: and tell my lady I am gone,
    Having displeased my father, to Laurence' cell,
    To make confession and to be absolved.

Nurse

    Marry, I will; and this is wisely done.

    Exit

JULIET

    Ancient damnation! O most wicked fiend!
    Is it more sin to wish me thus forsworn,
    Or to dispraise my lord with that same tongue
    Which she hath praised him with above compare
    So many thousand times? Go, counsellor;
    Thou and my bosom henceforth shall be twain.
    I'll to the friar, to know his remedy:
    If all else fail, myself have power to die.

Juliet has just been ordered by her father to marry a man other than Romeo. Juliet protests, provoking her father's fury. Nurse defends Juliet from her father, but then advises Juliet to forget about Romeo, for he is "banish'd" and accept Paris is a "lovely gentleman." Nurse compares Romeo and Paris, declaring that Romeo's a "dishclout" to Paris.

Juliet states "Amen!" and pretends to accept Nurse's advice. Thanking her nurse for comforting her "marvellous much," Juliet is in fact tricking her nurse into thinking that she has accepted her betrothal to Paris, when in fact, on the inside, she is cursing Nurse for insulting Romeo. Cutting all ties with Nurse, Juliet seeks Friar Lawrence for a way to resolve her plight.  

Mr. Finch takes aim and kills a mad dog. What/How does Atticus Finch "take aim" in defending Tom Robinson, becoming a hero now?"To Kill a...

In "To Kill a Mockingbird," Atticus Finch "takes aim" at "Maycomb's usual disease."  He attempts to shake up the jury enough that they will realize that they cannot find Tom guilty simply because of what Mayella Ewell claims despite her being white and Tom's being black.

After Atticus shoots the mad dog, Miss Maudie tells the children, "If your father's anything, he's civilized in his heart."  Indeed, this is true in the courtroom of Maycomb.  Civilized, Atticus Finch essays to influence the jury to be the same.  He attempts to get the jury to examine closely the testimony and the evidence in a totally rational and dispassionate manner.  When he does this and displays his integrity in such an attempt at honesty, the blacks in the balcony stand in respect as Atticus Finch leaves the courtroom.  To them, Atticus is a hero because he has fought the Jim Crow laws and the hatred in the hearts of some of the citizens of Maycomb.

"The delicious breath of rain was in the air." Who is "tasting" here? Why is the word used?

Chopin's use of "delicious" is a form of imagery. Because Chopin mixes senses by using a word normally associated with taste to describe living (hence the word "breath"), her word choice is also an example of synesthesia, a literary device which mixes sensory images (i.e., He hit a sour note on the trumpet.).

More important is Chopin's choice of a word with a decidedly positive connotation to describe something such as rain that is normally a symbol of grief.  Mrs. Mallard is the one tasting the "delicious breath," and her positive reaction to the rain is pivotal to the story's plot and theme.  While Mrs. Mallard originally mourned her husband's death, her outlook changes as she sits in her room and ponders her future.  When she considers her newly found independence and all that it entails, she feels as if she is beginning life anew.  Instead of the rain symbolizing her tears and mourning for her husband, it serves as a washing away of her past life and a fresh start ("breathing new life").

How is Millamant cosidered as a new woman who values freedom, privacy and individuality in a man-woman relationship?

1.Privacy:In the opening scene Mirabell relates to Fainall how he was insulted by Millamant the previous evening at Lady Wishfort's house. Mirabell had wanted to meet Millamant privately and pass on some very important information confidentially to her. But that meeting being only a "ladies only meeting," Millamant joined with the others and behaved rudely to Mirabell by hinting that his presence was unnecessary there. But Mirabell assures Fainall that he likes Millamant in spite of her faults, in fact he tells his friend that he likes because of her faults:

"for I like her with all her faults; nay, like her for her faults. Her follies are so natural, or so artful, that they become her; and those affectations which in another woman would be odious, serve but to make her more agreeable."

In the same scene, Millamant insists on her right to privacy in the following words:

"To have my closet inviolate; to be sole empress of my tea-table, which you must never presume to approach without first asking leave.  And lastly, wherever I am, you shall always knock at the door before you come in."

2 Freedom: Similarly, in the famous 'proviso' scene in Act IV, when Mirabell woos her and Millamant lays down  her conditions before she accepts his proposal she remarks:

"My dear liberty, shall I leave thee? My faithful solitude, my darling contemplation, must I bid you then adieu? Ay-h, adieu—my morning thoughts, agreeable wakings, indolent slumbers, all ye douceurs, ye someils du matin, adieu—I can’t do’t, ’tis more than impossible— Positively, Mirabell, I’ll lye abed in a morning as long as I please."

Millamant insists that marriage must not interfere with her freedom to lie in bed as long as she pleases.

3. Individuality:Millamant very cheekily insists that even after her marriage to Mirabell she will retain her individuality and that both of them must be very unlike all the other married couples in London:

"Ay, as wife, spouse, my dear, joy, jewel, love, sweet-heart, and the rest of that nauseous cant, in which men and their wives are so fulsomly familiar—I shall never bear that—Good Mirabell, don’t let us be familiar or fond, nor kiss before folks, like my Lady Fadler and Sir Francis: nor go to Hide Park together the first Sunday in a new chariot, to provoke eyes and whispers; and then never be seen there together again; as if we were proud of one another the first week, and ashamed of one another ever after. Let us never visit together, nor go to a play together, but let us be very strange and well bred: let us be as strange as if we had been married a great while; and as well bred as if we were not married at all."

These examples clearly prove that Restoration ladies enjoyed a great degree of freedom which would be the envy of even the women of today.

How is Mr Dolphus Raymond characterized in "To Kill A Mockingbird"?

Mr Raymond enjoys the prestige of being a wealthy man,  but his name is swarthed in scandal because of his preference for Negroes, including his taste in women. This has especially been the case since an incident a few years earlier when his fiancée, a white woman, discovered Dolphus was "keeping" a black mistress, and committed suicide.

Mr Raymond wants to "steer cleer" of the while community and tries to live up to his doubtful reputation by feigning alcoholism, when actually it's just cola that he carries around in a bagged bottle. The Finch children discover this when Dophus Raymond offers Dill a swig to help settle his stomach.  Mr  Raymond reveals to the children his ruse and why he does it, adding that in a few years they will probaby be thinking just like everybody else.

In this Dolphus Raymond  shows himself to be a compassionate man and rather "enlightened" for his times, in spite of his doubtful reputation and marginal lifestyle he lives. The fact that he does not go along with everybody else but choose rather to find his own way makes the reader ask serious questions about 'majority rule' and who's finally "right" in a society blighted by prejudice.

Compare and contrast the peril of the Sirens and the peril of the Lotus-Eaters.

The most important difference between the two temptations is the difference between life and death. If Odysseus' sailors eat the lotus, they forget about home, but they live. If, on the other hand, they succumb to the alluring songs of the Sirens, the sailors will die because their ship will crash on the rocks where the Sirens perch to sing. (Some versions of stories about the Sirens indicate that men are so enchanted by their songs that the men jump into the sea.)

A second difference lies in the sense to which each temptation appeals. The "honeyed" lotus appeals to the sense of taste while the Sirens' beautiful song is something the men would hear.

In both cases, evasive action must be taken to save the men. Odysseus has to go ashore to rescue the men who have already eaten the lotus. To avoid hearing the Sirens' song, he plugs his sailors' ears with wax. Because Odysseus wants to hear the lovely song, however, he has the men tie him to the ship's mast so he cannot steer the ship to sure disaster when he inevitably gives in to temptation.

Who is Ligarius?

Caius Quintus Ligarius is one of the conspirators who participates in the assassination of Caesar in William's Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar. Ligarius is a character known to us through several ancient sources, including Plutarch and most importantly Cicero's speech "Pro Ligario" ("In Defense of Ligarius"). The basic history is that Ligarius supported Pompey in Africa against Caesar. Although Pompey lost the war, Caesar exiled Ligarius rather than having him killed. In a typically murky set of Roman political events, Caesar later pardoned Ligarius, allowing him to return to Rome and had him arrested. Cicero, the great Roman orator (who is mentioned in Shakespeare's play) volunteered to defend Ligarius.

The text we have of Cicero's speech Pro Ligario, relies almost exclusively on pathetic appeals for mercy rather than arguments about facts. Actually, the details of the case are barely mentioned. This suggest that Ligarius was indeed guilty, for Cicero's practice was to use facts when they were in the favor of his client and avoid them when the client was clearly guilty. As a result of being moved by Cicero's speech (and probably in an attempt to avoid immediate and direct conflict with Cicero at this time), Caesar pardoned Ligarius. 

In Shakespeare's play Ligarius is in uncertain health and somewhat reluctant to join the conspiracy, but eventually is persuaded to join by Brutus, and recovers his energy and sense of purpose.

Act 3 scene one, explain how the events in this scene are simlar to the events in Act 1 scene 1

The above answers are correct in citing the main similarity between these two scenes is the fact that these are the two main scenes of physical fighting between the Capulets and the Montagues.

What makes these two scenes most parallel, in my opinion, is the way each fight starts.  Though the fight in Act 1 is begun by two servants, it starts with the exchange of petty insults.  The fight grows larger because members of each house, without thinking about the reason behind the conflict, join the fight to stand up for their respective families.

The fight scene in Act 3 is very much the same, except that this time, though Tybalt believes he is being insulted by Romeo's kindness, Romeo's intentions (for once) are pure.  Tybalt does not even recognize this because he has grown so accustomed to automatic scorn and hatred (both for and from) the Montagues that there is no reason for him to consider Romeo to be genuinely kind.

It was necessary for Shakespeare to include the first fight scene to set the tone for the second and to show the sort of hidden seriousness of the hatred between the families.  Both are started because one house feels insulted by the other.  Neither of the fights are justified which heightens the pettiness of the overall feud between these families.  Additionally, there is a bandwagon effect in both fights, which displays the sense of automatic (if irrational) loyalty by the characters to their respective sides.  Consider that Mercutio, who isn't even related to the Montagues, fights as if he is Romeo's brother.  Then, only when he is mortally wounded does he realize just how out of hand the hatred has become.  His famous line, "A plague on both your houses!" is the alarm that, at last, it has gone too far.

Though a dramatic comparison, it should be noted that entire wars have started as a result of one leader feeling insulted by someone.  Gang violence and warfare so prevalent in major US cities could likely be traced back to a series of once petty insults that escalated to full blown hatred.  In just two scenes, Shakespeare has captured several common human emotions, desires, and actions that result from what is often passed off as "petty insults."

What are some essential family values and family history that have shaped the people in this community? Chapter 2

Chapter 2 is essential to understanding the question you pose.  Through the character of Miss Caroline Fisher, Harper Lee allows the reader to discover "the intricacies of the Alabama town" even though Miss Caroline doesn't understand this system at all.

Through Scout, the reader learns of the caste system in Maycomb county.  In this system, the Finch family is at the top, followed by the Cunninghams, Ewells, and then the Robinsons.  Even though the proverty-stricten Walter Cunningham is not in the same class as Scout, he is placed higher within the caste system than Burris Ewell, who is poor white trash.  Although Walter is poor, his family will not accept charity and that is what Scout is trying to explain to Miss Caroline, who insists upon giving Walter money when she discovers he has no lunch.

In addition, Miss Caroline does not understand Scout's upbringing from a sophisticated, well-respected family.  Scout reads fluently, and the teacher scolds her while insisting that she learned how to read incorrectly.

The fact that Scout is trying to explain Walter's plight to Miss Caroline, reinforces that Atticus' family values of raising his children properly is working.  Scout is employing Atticus' motif of understanding people by "walking in their skin." 

How to teach english as a second language?

As an ESL PhD I can offer you what research and philosophical frameworks have agreed on for many years on end:

1. Second language learning is incidental- You have to provide the lessons in a real-life environment with maximum exposure to the target language, preferably in an 80-20 format which will lead to 100 target language.

2. Formal teaching of second language should not be mechanized, instead, the teacher should be a guide to using it properly rather than the executor of it. In other words, no memorization, no tediousness. That blocks the affective filter of the student and in turn makes it lose the motivation.

3. Expose the reader to as much visual imagery and words in the target language as possible. This is called Extensive Reading and it is a proven tool to establish text to language connections, and sound/symbol connections.

4. Kinesthetics are a plus. Teach by doing and they will learn by doing. Instead of saying "sit", go ahead and sit while you say it. Build games with rhyming words, expose them to songs and music, and to the culture.

5. Do not translate. Do not translate. Do not translate. Do not translate. Do not translate. Instead: Point, do, enact, body talk, paraphrase, scattergory it, whatever, but do not translate. The student has the flexibility and the INNATE ability to learn language because we learn the second language the same way we learn the first, therefore, we all CAN do it. Its only a matter of time.

What factors influence culture?What are the characteristics of culture?

Another great influence on culture is geography. Cultural development is often a function of in what part of the world a culture is situated.  If the geography is such that it is easy to hunt game, a culture will have attributes that emphasize that feature, for example, stories about hunting, ceremonies that feature hunting skills, etc.  If a people is in a coastal area, water is likely to play an important part in the culture.  In Japan, for example, there are creation myths that draw heavily on the fact that Japan is a place surrounded by water.  Also, Japanese food relies heavily on its natural resources, fish and land that lends itself to rice-growing.  Japan is also a good example of how cultural attributes such as art forms are a function of geography.  Because Japan is an island nation, space is severely limited. This generates art forms such as the haiku, which is a very tiny poem, and bonsai, which creates a tree of great beauty in a very small pot.  Desert cultures have very different attributes, for example, burial customs that allow bodies to be buried quite quickly.  If you look at geography, you will usually find a connection with culture. 

Why did Shakespeare make Othello specifically a Moor? Why is Othello targeted in such an evil and ugly way?

Having the hero of the play be a Moor created a character who was exotic and noble, yet for white western Europeans, his African origins suggested a savagery to go along with his nobility. The fact of his interracial marriage creates conflict, although probably not as much for Elizabethan audiences as for modern viewers.

Othello struggles with great internal conflict, fanned by Iago, over his suspicions that his white wife, Desdemona, might be unfaithful. This struggle parallels the conflict of a dark-skinned foreigner holding a high station in Venetian society.

Iago is virulently fixated on ruining Othello, probably because Othello passed him over for promotion. Furthermore, Iago suspects that Othello has slept with Emilia, Iago's wife. Iago refers twice to this suspicion, first in Act I: "I hate the Moor, / And it is thought abroad that 'twixt my sheets / He has done my office" (iii.388-390), and again in Act II:

I do suspect the lusty Moor
Hath leap'd into my seat; the thought whereof
Doth (like a poisonous mineral) gnaw my inwards;
And nothing can or shall content my soul
Till I am evened with him, wife for wife.
(i.299-303)

Iago projects his own inadequacies and insecurities onto Othello, underpinning pure hatred of his superior officer.

Discuss the rhymes in the Emily Dickinson poem "I Heard a Fly Buzz-When I Died".Does the poem employ exact rhymes or approximate rhymes? How do the...

Emily Dickinson has a very distinct style in most of her poems.  She uses a lot of dashes, unusual punctuation, short stanzas, dense lines, omission of unnecessary pronouns and words, and slant rhymes.  Slant rhymes are rhymes that aren't exact; they kind-of rhyme.  They aren't straight-forward rhymes, they come in more at a slant.  So, in "I Heard a Fly Buzz-When I Died", she uses this type of rhyming.  For example, look at the ends of lines 2 and 4.  They contain the words "Room" and "Storm".  While not an obvious and blatant rhyme, it is a slant rhyme; they both end in "m's" and contain "o's" for a rounded sound.  The same applies for lines 6 and 8 that end in "firm" and "room".  However, lines 14 and 16, ending in "me" and "see" are a straight-forward rhyme, not a slant rhyme.

Using slant rhymes helps the poems to have a lyrical and rhythmic feel, without being outright obvious about it.  It makes her poems very flowing and graceful without the rollicking lilt (that often sounds nursery-rhyme-ish) that full-on rhyming sometimes has.  It is a more mature, sublte, song-like quality that gives her poems soberness and layers.  In this poem, death is the subject; a woman is dying, and at the end can no longer see.  Death is a serious subject; to give the poem exact rhymes the entire time would make it seem to up-beat and bouncy.  Slant rhymes give it the same flowing quality, the same serenity, without the boisterousness.  I hope that those thoughts help!  Good luck!

How do I include references in my Argumentative essay?I never written a argumentative paper before and my professor doesn't really explain what...

In most universities, there are two primary methods of including references, APA and MLA. Most of the time, English courses require MLA citation, while courses such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology use APA.  There are similarities and differences in these styles, and you will have to find out which is required for your course.  I can give you a general overview of how this works.  You should take note that it does not matter whether you are writing an argumentative essay or some other kind of essay.  The way you provide references remains the same.

Both APA and MLA require that you give the reader a brief reference in the body of the paper.  This is called "in-text citation."  In-text citation is usually accomplished by placing information about the source in parentheses at the end of the sentence that relies on that source.  In MLA, you need the last name of the author and you need a page number for a direct quote.  In APA, you need the last name of the author, the year of publication, and a page number if you have a direct quote. 

Both APA and MLA require you to give more complete information about your sources at the end of the paper.  In MLA this is called the "Works Cited" page, and in APA, this is called the "References" page.  In either case, each entry should have the author's name, the date of publication, the name of the article and its source, or the name of the book, the place of publication, and the name of the publisher.  I have provided a few links to help you further. 

Good luck to you.

In "The Outsiders", why did Randy visit Ponyboy? Did Ponyboy learn anything from Randy throughout the story?

Ponyboy suffers a concussion after being beaten in the head during a rumble. In Chapter 11, Randy comes to visit him because he has missed several days from school. Randy tells Ponyboy that he came over to see how he was doing.

Still, readers can infer from Ponyboy and Randy's conversation that Randy is feeling guilty about all that has happened. It is the day before they are all to go before the judge and he is feeling pretty lousy about what transpired between the two groups. He says to Ponyboy:

"My dad says to tell the truth and nobody can get hurt. He's kind of upset about all this. I mean, my dad's a good guy and everything, better than most, and I kind of let him down, being mixed up in all this."

Readers should pay close attention to what is happening in this part of the book. According to Cherry (In Chapter 3), Socs don't feel anything. They keep up a charade of aloofness. However, by the end of the book, Randy admits to Ponyboy that he:

"..wouldn't mind getting fined, but I feel lousy about the old man.  And it's the first time I've felt anything in a long time."

What did the time traveller tell his guests at the dinner table?

The time traveller starts to tell his guests his story in Chapter 2, but it goes all the way to Chapter 10.

The dinner guests are invited to the Time Travellers for the following Thursday, at which time, they will gather without him.  He has left instructions that they are to start dinner without him if he did not appear by 8:00 O'clock.

When he arrives in the dining room, his guests are astonished to see him, his clothes are torn and dirty, he looks like he has not slept, his hair is messed up and he is covered in dirt.

"His face was ghastly pale; his chin has a brown cut on it a cut half healed; his expression was haggard and drawn, as by intense suffering. " (Wells)

He has a fascinating and somewhat unbelievable story to tell his guests, he tells them that he has lived eight days in the future since he last saw them.

He begins by telling them that the time machine has worked and he time travelled.

"I am afraid I cannot convey the peculiar sensations of time traveling.  They are excessively unpleasant." (Wells)

He tells them about his skipping through time and how it looked from the time machine, the sun disappearing and appearing, the moon rising and then disappearing, days and nights passing faster and faster before his eyes.

He tells them how he stopped the machine and it tumbled on top of him and how he felt at the prospect of meeting future beings.

"My fear grew to frenzy.  I took a breathing space, set my teeth, and again grappled fiercely, wrist and knee with the machine." (Wells)

Recovering his courage, the time traveller notices that he is surrounded by little white creatures that appear very fragile.  He meets the Eloi, the people who live above ground in the future world of 802,701.

He tells his guests of his amazing time in the future, about the creatures he encountered.

"Time Traveller learns more about the Eloi, the creatures he is staying with and whose name he learns, and is "introduced" to the Morlocks, a hideous race of underground creatures who resemble apes, with white skin and enlarged eyes, who prey on the Eloi. The Time Traveller learns about the Eloi largely through Weena, a female he rescues from drowning, while other Eloi passively watch."

The time traveller's story, what he told his guests, goes all the way through to Chapter 10.

The time traveller completes his story, including his harrowing escape from the future, and his dinner guests who have a hard time believing him.

In "The Outsiders", do you think Darry loves Ponyboy? Why does he treat Ponyboy the way he does?

Yes, Darry loves Ponyboy.

Darry has pressures placed upon him as the acting head of household since the death of both their parents. Darry gave up a football scholarship to stay home and keep the family together.

He must make sure that the house meets the inspection of the child welfare agency who comes by to check up on the boys. It is up to Darry to make sure that there is food in the house, that homework gets done, and that the place is clean and tidy.

We tend to forget that Darry lost his parents too. He stuffed his grief and pain down deep in order to get on with the business of keeping the family together. When he almost loses Ponyboy, all of that pain and grief welled up and came out in the form of tears.

In Great Expectations, what story does Magwitch relate to Pip about his previous life? Explain in detail.

In Chapter 42 Magwitch tells his story to Pip and Herbert. Interestingly, this is another example of essential plot information being disclosed to the reader through the narration of events that have happened in the past and that Pip could not have told the reader himself, such as Herbert's story of Miss Havisham in Chapter 22.

Magwitch tells of his deprived and harsh childhood that led, seemingly inevitably, to his involvement in crime and with the legal system that seems indifferent to his plight. Compeyson is also introduced, the convict that Pip saw Magwitch fighting with in Chapter 5. Magwitch began to work with Compeyson, a cruel, high-class criminal with connections. An earlier colleague of Compeyson's, Arthur, had died of drink and despair through his involvement with one of Compeyson's plots concerning money and a rich lady. Magwitch bit by bit became more and more entangled in Compeyson's schemes, and when they were caught and tried, it was Magwitch who received the harsher sentence because of his appearance and prior criminal record, while Compeyson had the appearance and bearing of a gentleman. Because of his rage against Compeyson, Magwitch attacked him in the marshes to ensure that he did not escape, even though it meant sacrificing his own chances of flight. He doesn't know where Compeyson is now.

You will want to relate this narrative to the key themes of the novel - Magwitch's harsh treatment at the hands of society leading to his desire to "own" and create a perfect gentleman, and the theme of how do we define what a gentleman is. Compeyson, although having all the appearance of being a gentleman, clearly shows himself to be anything but in character, and through the novel, Pip comes to realise that although Jo does not have the manners of a gentleman, morally, he is far more of a gentleman than Pip has ever been, in spite of his way of talking and ludicrous attempts to fit in socially into a sphere not of his own.

In "Animal Farm", how does the original version of animalism become the slogan for legs good to legs bad?Do the animal rule with simple language?...

The original 7 commandments that are painted on a sign are too difficult for most of the animals to remember, most of them can't read.  When Snowball is beginning to organize the animals into committees and the sheep are only able to learn the single line, four legs bad, two legs bad, it becomes the motto of Animal Farm, replacing the seven original commandments which eventually are distorted to serve Napoleon's agenda.

 It symbolizes who the animals should trust and not trust.  Humans, who walk on two legs are to be feared and never trusted, four legs, animals are to be trusted. 

"The animals learn to read according to their limited abilities. The sheep learn a single maxim which embodies the essential principles of Animalism: “Four legs good, two legs bad.” Once they learn it, they say it for hours."

The story is not to be misinterpreted, the animals are representative of the actors in the Russian Revolution leading up to Communist rule and the birth of the Soviet Union.  So don't think of the animals as real animals, they are representing people, for example, Snowball and Napoleon are really Leon Trotsky and Josef Stalin.  So your question about language is not really relevant in the sense of real animals, who in real life can't talk.

Orwell called the story a fairy story or fairy tale, in such types of works of literature animals and magical characters take on human characteristics.  

How can I create a valid thesis statement which can be supported with the text of Julius Caesar?Can you help me find a excellent thesis statement...

For your thesis statement, include the title of the work in the sentence and make sure that your thesis is a one-sentence statement, not a question.  You already have the makings of a good thesis statement in your second paragraph.  You might write:

In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, the politicians mirror real life by not only swaying the commoners but also by basing their actions and speech upon the plebians' responses.

I'm not sure how long your paper needs to be, but remember that each of your argument points or supports needs to connect to your thesis.  One of your body paragraphs could focus on Caesar's and the senators' influence upon the crowds of commoners.  For textual support, look at Act 1, Scene 2 where Caesar plays with the crowd's emotions by rejecting the crown three times, getting them to respect and glorify him even more than they would have if he had accepted the crown.  Another excellent example is, of course, the funeral speeches in Act 3, Scene 2.  Discuss how readily the plebians agree with Brutus, but then Antony masterfully sways them to his position with his propaganda techniques and argument appeals.

Your second body paragraph could discuss the commoners' influence upon the politicians.  In Act 2 when the main strategizing takes place by the conspirators, they discuss how killing one person or getting specific senators to join their plot would be perceived by the plebians.  For example, they decide not to kill Antony because of the possible frenzied reaction by the commoners.  Another example is Brutus placing so  many speaking stipulations upon Marc Antony's funeral speech in order for him to be able to speak. 

In your third body paragraph, if you need to make a connection to our society, discuss how our politicians are just as easily influenced by the masses and how they often manipulate us.

Hope this helps.

How did The Enlightenment affect Jane Austen’s writing of Pride and Prejudice?

The Enlightenment period was from about 1637 - 1700 to about 1789 - 1804, scholars give various datings. Jane Austen was born toward the end of The Enlightenment, in 1775. She first wrote Pride and Prejudice, under the title First Impressions, in 1796 and 1797, though it was first published in 1813, which is a date scholars place after the close of the Enlightenment period. Jane Austen grew up while The Enlightenment was in full bloom and came to maturity in its waning years.

The Enlightenment was not a school of thought or movement. In fact, Enlightenment philosophies were often opposed to each other. The Enlightenment represented values that began with what Kant called a freedom to think for oneself and included the freedom to question institutions, morals, religions, and customs. A defining characteristic was a reliance on reason, empirical knowledge based on senses, and scientific rigor.  

The affect of the Enlightenment period on Jane Austen's writing of Pride and Prejudice is seen in several points. First, the affect is seen in Austen's opposition to the sensibility of romanticism as when Mr. Bennet expresses the folly of marrying for beauty. Second, it is seen in Austen's advocacy of rational reasoning minds as seen in Mrs. Gardiner and Charlotte Lucas. Third, it is seen in Austen's questioning of traditional attitudes and beliefs as in Elizabeth's attitude toward Lady De Bourgh and in Charlotte's views opposing marrying for love. Fourth, it is seen in dependence on thinking for oneself as Elizabeth and Darcy learn to do.

What does the quote, "hungry men are angry men" mean?talking about people in Germany during World War II

hungry men are angry men

People get angry about things in their life. For example, in America people get angry about taxes or gas prices or unemployment. They complain and they moan and they sometimes wave placards and protest boards.

But sometimes it is more serious. Do you know the story of Rodney King. Rodney, a black guy, was really badly beaten up by a load of dirty cops, but a witness videoed it. It was a big court case but a white jury found the cops innocent and said they'd done nothing wrong. The black community was furious and they rioted and smashed up anything they could. There was social unrest, it was very worrying.

So different things cause different levels of anger. Gas prices make you a bit angry. But injustice makes you more angry.

Now, thank all your lucky stars that you don't know what it means to be hungry. Without food people die. And they die slow. And it happens.There are hungry peopletoday all over the world. People with no food to eat are desperate people. Imagine if there was suddenly no food in American supermarkets. What would you do? Where would you get food if there was no food?

Imagine how panicked and angry people would be. They would riot. They would steal. They would go crazy with fear for themselves and their children. Society would collapse. There is a famous quote, "Society is only three meals away from revolution."

Your quote means the same as my quote. Hungry men are angry men. i.e. People with no food will very quickly start behaving in seriously anti-social ways.

In Chapter 4, of "Great Expectations" how was the suspense explained?

Dickens wrote and published all his novels in a serial form. So, in order to increase the sales of each instalment of his novel he would end each  instalment abruptly and thus create a suspenseful situation so that the readers would be tempted to buy the next instalment and satisfy their curiosity.

The end of Ch.4, "But I ran no further than the house door ......"Here you are, look sharp, come on!" is a typical instance of Dickens ending the instalment to whet the suspense and curiosity of his readers.

Pip has raided Mrs.Joe's pantry and given the food and a file to the convict Magwitch. Throughout the Christmas lunch he is guilty and frightened that he will be found out by his sister.  One choice item that he had stolen from the pantry was a pork pie and at the end of the Christmas dinner in Ch.4 when Mrs.Joe announces dramatically that she is going to serve the pie, Pip is terrified and rushes out of the house hoping to escape his sister's wrath. Just as he is about to step outdoors he is stopped by a soldier holding a pair of handcuffs. The instalment ends here. The next instalment Ch.5 would have been published only in the following week. Till then the contemporary readers would have imagined that Pip would have been arrested by the soldiers and sentenced to be hung - in Dickens' time, petty thieves for even the smallest crimes were summarily executed.

However, in Ch.5 we learn that the sergeant had come to meet Joe so that he could have the handcuffs repaired, before they set out to hunt down the criminals